, “The tools of imperialism: Technology and the expansion of European colonial empires in the nineteenth century”, Journal of modern history, li ( 1979), 231– 63.īrockway, Lucile H. The early development of the American Philosophical Society is considered in essays published in the Society's Proceedings, lxxxvi ( 1942) and lxxxvii ( 1943), and in Hindle, Brooke, The pursuit of science in revolutionary America ( Chapel Hill, 1951). , “The Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences: A glance at its history”, Koloniaal Instituut bulletin (Amsterdam), i ( 1938), 116– 24. (ed.), Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen gedurende de eerste eeuw van zijn bestaan 1778–1878: Gedenkboek, i (Batavia, 1878) Bosch, F. Weinberg, Gregorio, “Sobre la historia de la tradición científica latinoamericana”, Interciencia, iii ( 1978), 72– 78.ĭer Kinderen, T. , “Historia del correo de España et Hispanoamerica (1500–1820)”, AFRA: Revista filatélica Argentina, xxi ( 1951), 13 pp.
, Men and meridians, i (Ottawa, 1966) Cárdiff, Guillermo Fúrlong, Historia social y cultural del Rio de la Plata, 1536–1810: El transplante cultural: Ciencia ( Buenos Aires, 1969) Bose, Walter B. , Science in the British Colonies of North America ( Urbana, 1971) Galarneau, Claude, Les collèges classiques au Canada fran&çais (1620–1970) ( Montreal, 1978) Thomson, Don W. , Yankee science in the making ( Boston, 1948) Stearns, Raymond P. A recent reevaluation is provided in Lee Cahan, David, “The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt: A study in the relations of science, technology, and industry in imperial Germany” (Ph.D. More solid in every way is Riese, Reinhard, Die Hochschule auf dem Wege zum wissenschaftlichen Grossbetrieb: Die Universität Heidelberg und das badische Hochschulwesen 1860–1914 ( Stuttgart, 1977). , Zur Entwicklung der Wissenschaftspolitik in Deutschland 1750–1914 ( Berlin, 1974). Occasionally revealing is Pfetsch, Frank R. Thackray, Arnold, “Natural knowledge in cultural context: The Manchester model”, American historical review, lxxix ( 1974), 672– 709 Kargon, Robert, Science in Victorian Manchester ( Baltimore, 1977). Steven, “The growth of professorial research in Prussia, 1818 to 1848: Causes and context”, ibid., iii ( 1971), 137– 82 Jungnickel, Christa, “Teaching and research in the physical sciences and mathematics in Saxony, 1820–1850”, ibid., x ( 1979), 3– 48 Ross, Sydney, “Scientist: The story of a word”, Annals of science, xviii ( 1962), 65– 86. Hahn, Roger, “Scientific research as an occupation in 18th century Paris”, Minerva, xiii ( 1975), 501– 13 Shinn, Terry, “The French science faculty system, 1808–1914”, Historical studies in the physical sciences, x ( 1979), 271– 332 Turner, R. , Doctrines of imperialism ( New York, 1965), 187. Lenin, Imperialism: The highest stage of capitalism ( New York, 1939), 88– 92.īraudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the Age of Philip II, tr. Woolf, Leonard, Imperialism and civilization ( 1928 New York, 1971), 11. , “Industrial growth and early German imperialism”, in Owen, Roger and Sutcliffe, Bob (eds.), Studies in the theory of imperialism ( London, 1972), 71– 90, p. , Imperialism: The story and significance of a political word, 1840–1960 ( Cambridge, 1964). , “Is technology historically independent of science? A study in statistical historiography”, Technology and culture, vi ( 1965), 553– 68 Rosenberg, Nathan, “Science, invention, and economic growth”, in his Perspectives on technology ( Cambridge, 1976), 260– 79. In the vast literature on this subject, two essays are especially valuable: de Solla Price, Derek J. A recent survey is Helge Kragh's On science and underdevelopment ( Roskilde, Denmark, 1980).